Astronomy Photographic Process

Question: Describe about Astronomy? Answer: The collodion process is one of the earliest photographic process, invented by Frederick Scott Archer that replaced the glass photographic plates. These plates were able to record microscopically fine details that could be used for specified purposes and these plates lived for a long time till the discovery of the gelatin dry plate. These were later used in the printing industry and for other larger work that was cheaper than gelatin films. The universal tree of life depicts the planned evolutionary relationships in all the cellular life forms, that has been categorized under three primary heads or urkingdoms. These are the Archaea (archaebacteria), Bacteria (eubacteria) and Eucarya (eukaryotes) (Forterre Philippe, 1999). This universal tree of life has raised a number of vital questions on life. However, the whole genome deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences from the species of the three domains had given rich data to reconstruct the universal tree. The presently accepted Universal tree of life is supported by the molecular phylogenies. Particularly, the early genome evolution has assisted in shaping the extensive occurrence of the horizontal or lateral gene transfer between the species from variety of domains that are remotely related. In the 1970s it was Carl Woese who proposed the variety in the sequencing of the DNA encoded ribosomal RNA in organisms that would provide vital information regarding the evolutionary process of life (Forterre Philippe, 1999). Stromatolites are bio-chemical accretionary structures which are layered and are formed in shallow water when sedimentary grains by biofilms of microorganisms, such as cyanobacteriaare trapped or bound or cemented (Sanderson, 2008). These structures give the oldest records of life on Earth through fossil remains that exist for almost 3.5 billion years ago. Scientific institutes such as California Institute of Technology and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) have given proof that some of the extremely old stromatolites on earth were made by the help of those ancient microorganisms that are also extinct and this research helped to understand the earliest record of life in our planet (Sanderson, 2008). Geologists state that most of the young stromatolites that are present now are of biological origin and are nearly billion years old. These stromatolites are formed with the layer of microbes that generally grows in thin film on seafloor. The Great Oxygenation Event is also known as the Oxygen Crisis or the Oxygen Catastrophe or the Oxygen Revolution (Kerr, 2009). This was the period when DiOxygen was introduced in the Earths atmosphere. The evidence based on the chemical, geological and isotopic analysis state that a huge environmental change took place 2.3 billion years ago. Cyanobacteria, an organism that appeared two hundred years ago before the GOE had begun producing free Oxygen by the process of Photosynthesis. Before the GOE, free Oxygen was produced chemically through dissolved iron. When these Oxygen sinks became saturated and was not able to capture all the Oxygen the Great Oxygenation Event occurred and after this event the free Oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere (Kerr, 2009). This free Oxygen was toxic for the anaerobic organisms and when the concentration of Oxygen increased in the atmosphere and lead to the extinction of the anaerobic organisms. Moreover, this free Oxygen reacted with other gases such as methane, which reduced its concentration and led to the Huronian glaciations. Saturns largest moon is called Titan and in the entire solar system it is the second largest moon. It is the only moon that is surrounded with clouds and exhibits a thick atmosphere similar to planets (Perrot Giordani, 1998). The moon is surrounded by an orange haze which makes the mystery surrounding the satellite more dense. The mystery was solved by the Cassini/Huygens mission. The atmosphere of this satellite is complicated but active and is primarily made up of nitrogen (95 percent) and methane (5 percent). Scientists claim that these conditions are same as that of Earth during the early years of the planet. The only difference being that being closer to sun earth was comparatively warm (Mitchell, 2008). During the missions of the Cassini it came up with the basic data of the structure and organic chemistry of the atmosphere. Cassini also discovered enough materials that have compelled the scientists to suspect the presence of ocean in the planet that may be composed of water and ammonia. References Forterre, P., Philippe, H. (1999). Where is the root of the universal tree of life?.Bioessays,21(10), 871-879. doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-1878(199910)21:10871::aid-bies103.0.co;2-q Kerr, R. (2009). GEOCHEMISTRY: Great Oxidation Event Dethroned?.Science,324(5925), 321a-321a. doi:10.1126/science.324.5925.321a Mitchell, R. (2008). The Cassini Mission exploring Saturn.Acta Astronautica,63(1-4), 61-67. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2007.12.064 Perrot, B., Giordani, R. (1998). Cassini Huygens mission : the exploration of the Saturn system. Radio science experiments : Radio Frequency Instrument Subsystem.Planetary And Space Science,46(9-10), 1333-1338. doi:10.1016/s0032-0633(97)00212-2 Sanderson, K. (2008). Shining a light on ancient stromatolites.Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2008.529

Constitutional Development In Nigeria free essay sample

This article examines the intractable problem of constitutional engineering in Nigeria. It is asserted that the drafting of constitutions is a recurring decimal in Nigeria’s chequered political history. Right from the colonial period, Nigerians were barely involved in the art of constitution making while the British colonial overlords employed constitution making to consolidate their imperial strategies. Post colonial Nigerian leaders have utilized constitution drafting to ensure regime longevity. The current 1999 constitution is a product of haste because the receding military junta was in a hurry to leave the political turf. Consequently, the 1999 constitution has all the trappings of military centralization of power resulting in de-federalization of Nigeria and the consequent clamour and agitation for the amendment of the constitution. Introduction: The drafting of constitutions has been a recurring decimal in the political history of Nigeria. Right from the colonial period, Nigeria has witnessed incessant clamour for one form of constitution or the other. The series of constitutions that were put in place during the colonial period were geared towards consolidating British imperial strategies. 1 Senior Lecturer, department of History, University of Ilorin, Nigeria Dynamics of Constitutional Development in Nigeria, 1914-1999 The point to note about colonial constitutions is that, the Nigerian people were barely involved in the drafting process. When Nigeria was eventually de-colonised, post-colonial constitutions reflected the idiosyncrasies and worldview prospective leaders, with little consideration for the interests of the citizenry. This is particularly so because post-colonial Nigerian politics has been dominated by one ruling military junta or the other. Indeed, constitution drafting initiatives embarked upon by successive military regimes were merely cosmetic and plastic. At best, they were time saving devices to ensure the longevity of their regimes. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review, albeit briefly, constitutional development in Nigeria. While it could be taken for granted  that colonial and military constitutions have generated due attention, it appears that the 1999 Constitution which is presently in operation has not received due attention from scholars. In this light, the bulk of our analysis will tilt towards the 1999 Constitution while assessing how earlier efforts have coloured it. Attributes of a constitution: The constitution of a State is that collection of rules and principles according to which a state is governed. In other words, the Constitution refers to the framework or the composition of a government, the structure with regards to its organs, how power is allocated and the process by which power is exercised.1 The criterion which served as the basis for assigning political powers reflects the ethos of a given society. Nevertheless, it is conventional for the present day constitutions to reflect the composition of government and the relationships among these institutions. 3 Second, a constitution should provide for the distribution of governmental power over the nation’s territory. Third, and more importantly, a constitution should provide a compendium of fundamental rights and duties of citizens including their rights to participate in the institutions of government.2 Among the aforementioned attributes, the fundamental and inseparable segment of the constitution is its origin from the organic will of the people who it governs. This is referred to as in the autonomy of constitution, implying that the people have been part of the deliberation, formulation and adoption of the constitution, taking the heterogeneous nature of such a country as reflected in her multi-ethnic, multi-linger and multi-religious nature.3 since the constitution must be, logically, the original act of the people directed resulting from the exercise of the inherent power, it becomes a binding instrument by which the sovereignty of the people is measured. Thus, the phrase ‘we the people†¦.hereby resolve to make for ourselves the following constitution’, should not be dismissed as a mere preliminary formalism because it suggests that the document is a replica of the compendium of the people’s view and the objectives of their association. The question that naturally arises is whether successive Nigerian constitutions  contain the above-identified salient pre-requisites for a good and durable constitution. A close examination of the litany of constitutions in Nigeria should assist us to drive home the point. Constitutional development in Nigeria: A synopsis: It is on record that until now, eight constitutions have been operated in Nigeria. It began with the sir Frederick Lugard’s Amalgamation Report of the 1914. Thereafter, there were the sir Clifford Constitution (1922); Sir Arthur Richards Constitution (19465); Sir John Macpherson Constitution (1951), Oliver Littleton’s Constitution (1954), the Independence Constitution (1960); the Republican Constitution (1963) and the 1979 Constitution (1979).4 There was another draft Constitution in 1989 prepared during the regime of former President Ibrahim Babangida. This was never tried until general Sanni Abacha’s administration brought about the 1994/95 constitutional Conference, which laid the foundations for the 1999 Constitution. The Clifford constitution, which was introduced by sir Hugh Clifford in 1922, replaced both the Legislative council of 1862 which was subsequently enlarge in 1914, and the Nigerian council of 1914. Under the Constitution, a Legislative Council was for the first time established for the whole of Nigeria, which was styled as, ‘The Legislative Council of Nigeria.’5 In spite of the embracive colouration of the Council, its jurisdiction was confined to the southern Provinces, including the colony of Lagos, whose Legislative council was subsequently abolished. The Legislative Council did not legislate for the Northern Provinces but its sanction, signified by a Resolution was necessary for all its expenditure out o 5the revenues of Nigeria in respect of those Provinces.6 The point to note is that the Nigerian Council was not created for any altruistic motive, But rather to ‘enable the British officials obtain, in the central exercise of their power, as much local advice and opinions as  could be evoked.’ One feature of Clifford’s Constitution was that only Africans with minimum gross income of $100 a year were eligible to vote and be voted for.7

Sample Essay HIV Aids

Sample Essay HIV AidsSample Essay HIV Aids can be used in countless ways. There are plenty of ideas for personal statements or writing essays on different topics. Here are some sample essays which you could choose from.The first one is probably the most common: 'My name is Richard and I am writing this essay as an entry in a science fair at my school. I am sure that I will definitely have to answer my essay questions. Thank you for reading.'This one is more about the grant application process and would be a good basis for the rest of the application. You could possibly use it for anything you are applying for. You can give it to your girlfriend, your parents, your siblings, a high school teacher, a single mom or an editor. Maybe it could be given to a doctor, a mechanic, a legal representative or a teacher.Another sample essay is also more on the grant process and is a general essay. 'I was accepted into a scholarship program sponsored by the National Institute of Health to support r esearch for the future and these scholarships would greatly help me pay for the tuition of the university I want to attend. Also the scholarship would give me a great opportunity to earn a degree and become more confident in my abilities.'This one could be used if you are an HIV/AIDS patient and you will need some motivation to get you motivated to continue with the medication. You can write about what your best qualities are. You could tell the story of how you had a hard time choosing between the two medications, but at the end you won the lottery and got the better treatment!Finally, you could write about the medical records and the progress you have made since the beginning of the epidemic. The information that you will put in the essay should relate to what you know about the virus. Also it would be good to emphasize your concern about the people who do not have the right to know about the virus.You can get all kinds of samples online for people to use in their essay. You could choose the one that fits you the best.

Add Leson Plan Essays - Pedagogy, Teaching, Education Reform

Add Leson Plan ENMU LESSON PLAN: SPED Odis Franklin Grades 9-12 Subject: Computers Title: Using Microsoft Word Relevance: To prepare students to type a letter. Goal: The students should be able to use a word processor to type a letter. Objectives: The students will turn on the computer. The student will use Windows 95. Materials and Methods: Computer equipment in H.S. computer lab. Focus: Show a flashy letter with pretty artwork in the background. Presentation: Inform students that they will be able to use this information to type a letter to a relative or loved one. Tell them that later they will build on these skills to make a page on the Internet. Explain step by step with the text while the students follow along. Guided Practice: Use the overhead projector along with my computer to show the class how to use the word processor. Allow the students to practice with me. Independent Practice: Assign homework and allow students to practice using the word processor on their own. Allow students to work on homework. Assessment: Pop quiz Closure: Remind student of homework Tell the students what to expect for the next class meeting. Education Essays

2016 MCAT Cost and Fees by Registration Zone

2016 MCAT Cost and Fees by Registration Zone Taking the MCAT is no easy feat, and paying for it isnt either, especially if youre a poor college kid working your way through undergrad. So, how much does this test cost? Good question. Heres the answer: Note: The MCAT fees below are only payable in U.S. dollars. The MCAT costs are divided into three zones: Gold, Silver, and Bronze. Read on for the benefits and costs of each. The Gold Zone If you take a peek at the MCAT registration dates, youll see that the Gold zone is the earliest zone in which to register, and registering early has its advantages! There is more flexibility for dates and locations, to begin with. And when you register in the Gold Zone, you can get a partial refund if you need to cancel for any reason. Plus, this zone offers the lowest MCAT fees all around. Registration Fee: $305Date and/or Test Center Reschedule Fee: $75 extraCancellation Refund $150International Fee: $95 extra The Silver Zone If you miss registering in the Gold zone, there are still benefits to getting in a little bit earlier. First, the registration fee does not increase at all. Plus, you can still reschedule your test date or test center if you need to. If you need to cancel, though, youre out of luck where your cash is concerned! Registration Fee: $305Date and/or Test Center Reschedule Fee: $135 extraNO Cancellation RefundInternational Fee: $95 extra The Bronze Zone If youre late registering for the MCAT, the good news is that you can still take it. The bad news is that youre going to have to pay a bit more for the test than if youd planned ahead. Registration Fee: $355NO Date and/or Test Center Reschedule OptionNO Cancellation RefundInternational Fee: $95 extra Affording MCAT Fees The AAMC does offer a fee assistance program (FAP) for students who just cant afford to pay the MCAT registration fees, but the benefits of the program vary according to which registration period you choose to use. Gold Zone FAP Program Registration Fee: $115Date and/or Test Center Reschedule Fee: $35 extraCancellation Refund $60International Fee: $95 extra Silver Zone FAP Program Registration Fee: $115Date and/or Test Center Reschedule Fee: $55 extraNO Cancellation RefundInternational Fee: $95 extra Bronze Zone FAP Program Registration Fee: $165NO Date and/or Test Center Reschedule OptionNO Cancellation RefundInternational Fee: $95 extra

Evidence on learning contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Evidence on learning contract - Essay Example Whether it had been a school project or a week of volunteer service at the hospital, I have always strived to improve my technical expertise rather than pay attention on the purpose for such things. This has resulted in a downside for me. I may have performed well in the start but over time I lost the zeal to be on the top. I did not perform as well as I had used to. For a person who used to graduate amongst the top ten in the class, I was suddenly facing falling grades. I could not understand my problem in the start. I used to ponder if it was the increasing difficulty of the course that I studied that was pulling me down. My falling grades discouraged me. I started to lose interest in studies. I did not have the same passion for improving my technical knowledge as I did so in the past. I also started to pay less attention to my studies. I would delay working on my assignments in contrast to the responsible behaviour I had shown in the past in submitting my assignments on time. Also , I became less attentive in my classes. This attitude continued for months and eventually years. It became an ingrained habit- one that I could not get rid of despite the negative impact that it had on me. It was not until I attended a class on self-motivation some time back that I came face-to-face with my demon. The class was an eye-opener for me. In the recent years, I had always struggled with deadlines and being punctual in my class work. Home assignments, for which we were given several days, and sometimes weeks, were done by me a day or so before their deadline. Whenever I set deadlines for the submission of my work, I defaulted them, mostly because I gave my social and family life priority over them. When I did not have a pressing deadline to meet, I used to slacken off and spend most of my time going to the cinema, hanging out with my friends, going out to eat and playing football. Studies were not my first

Linguistics and Media Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Linguistics and Media - Term Paper Example It is the short form or ellipsis of a word or phrase. It is also called initialisms: using the initials of the words and compressing it into short form, such as in the word LOL taking L from ‘laughing’, O from ‘out’, and L from ‘loud’. 2. Abbreviations: 1. f2t? : free to talk 2. cul8r: see you later 3. Ruok? = Are you ok? 4. Xlnt! = excellent 5. 2day: today 6. B4: before 7. thN: then/than The word formation process used here is pseudo-acronym. These appear as acronym or abbreviation but they actually are not and they do not stand for anything. They are used because, when pronounced as intended, they resemble the sounds of other words. They are words or initials used to give the sound of an entire word or phrase. Such as the words given above: Before = b4. B. Frames: In the excerpt, the main structuring frame is the semantic frame, it is a coherent structure of concepts; a word, idea or a concept cannot give meaning unless all elements of the str ucture are present (Gelbukh 307-312). The extract is a pep talk, an encouraging speech that motivates the people and congratulates them on choosing the right option for themselves and their country. The major points of the passage were conveyed in empathic tones, choosing to use ‘we’ rather than ‘I’, it emphasizes the importance of the people and that only by standing together they can overcome obstacles. It constructs a mental state of unity and importance in listeners Attributes and values of the frame: 1. Attributes: The attributes in this frame is the victory that is being celebrated which brings with it a lot of challenges also. 2. Values: The individual instantiation is the phrase â€Å"I have never been more hopeful than I am tonight† - it represents the individual symbolization of the attribute: the victory that comes with challenges, that the individual is hopeful that they can be solved C. Metaphors: A conceptual metaphor refers to understa nding one idea or concept with the help of another idea. An idea or thought is explained in terms of another, they are a way of communication and shape our way of thinking and acting. Conceptual metaphors have become a regular part of our communication. The American public is hungry for a national policy that is coherent and cohesive: The conceptual metaphor in this sentence is â€Å"hungry for† which shows want and need of the American Public and the extent and depth of their need. This expresses the ferocity of their need so that the reader has an acute idea of the profundity of their wish. Last week I was depressed, my spirits sank and I was really low. But my best friend has cheered me up since, and I am feeling up now: The cognitive or conceptual metaphor in this sentence is â€Å"spirits sank and I was really low. I am feeling up now† it is trying to express emotions in terms of directionality. The term low refers to being down, less, dejected, morose, depressed etc.; sank also assumes the same meanings. It shows the direction of his emotions that they are low or have sunk, meaning he is very depressed. Opposing low is up; which has a positive meaning or perception in the human mind, up depicts a state of growth, happiness, acceleration, betterment etc. so saying that I am up now means that I am feeling better or happier now. We launched this campaign not far from here on a beautiful June day. It has been an extraordinary journey. The metaphor is â€Å"it has been an extraordinary journey†; journey is a source domain in this sentence, the word from which we draw the